Biological control is at the heart of sustainable agriculture. By using living organisms or naturally derived substances, farmers can manage pests effectively while reducing reliance on chemical pesticides. But not all biocontrol products are the same, they fall into four key categories, each with its own way of protecting crops.
In this guide, we take a closer look at macrobials, microbials, semiochemicals, and natural substances – what they are, how they work, and how they can be used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies.
What are biocontrol agents?
Biocontrol agents are organisms or natural compounds used to fight pests, weeds, and plant diseases. They can kill, deter, or disrupt pests directly — or interfere with their behaviour.
The four main types are:
- Macrobials: Beneficial insects, mites, and nematodes that prey on or parasitize pests.
- Microbials: Products based on bacteria, fungi, viruses, or other microorganisms.
- Semiochemicals: Natural compounds, such as pheromones, that change pest behaviour.
- Natural substances: Oils, extracts, or minerals with insecticidal, antifungal, or repellent properties.
Understanding these options helps growers choose the right solution for their crop protection needs.
Bringing it all together in IPM
Each type of biocontrol agent offers unique benefits, but they are most powerful when used together in Integrated Pest Management. By combining monitoring, cultural and mechanical practices, and a mix of biological solutions, farmers can reduce chemical inputs, protect biodiversity, and achieve more sustainable crop production.
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Want to learn more?
Get an introduction to biocontrol with our sustainable pest control guide, and learn more about biocontrol in practice in our follow-up guide.
